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Authors
Nawaz, Rashed
Gong, Shaoqing
Anjum, Razia
Khalid, Neelum
Zhou, Zhongliang
Ahmed, Farooq
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72374169)
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Article History
Received: 27 January 2025
Accepted: 10 November 2025
First Online: 30 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study involves human participants and procedures, and questionnaires for standard DHS surveys have been reviewed and approved by the ICF Institutional Review Board (IRB). Additionally, country-specific DHS survey protocols are reviewed by the ICF IRB and typically by an IRB in the host country. ICF IRB ensures that the survey complies with the US Department of Health and Human Services regulations for protecting human subjects (45 CFR 46), while the host country IRB ensures that the survey complies with the laws and norms of the nation. Participants gave informed consent to participate in the study before taking part.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
