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Authors
Mitchell, Ashley
Mwale, Nelson Ntemang’ombe
Simwinga, Luseshelo
Jana, Oveka
Rouse, Miranda
Baltzell, Kimberly
Blair, Alden Hooper
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Wyss Foundation
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Article History
Received: 19 March 2024
Accepted: 11 November 2025
First Online: 30 December 2025
Declarations
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: The study was approved by the QECH research committee, the National Health Sciences Research Committee (NHSRC) (19/03/2210), and UCSF Human Research Protection Program (HRPP) (18-26842). The letters of approval for these have been submitted as “Related files” with the manuscript submission. As locally practicing clinical providers, the researchers collecting the data had full chart access. Only non-identifiable patient-level variables were shared with the broader research team. Additional consent was determined to not be required.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
