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Authors
Kilday, Deborah
Tatum, Drew
Korvink, Michael
Belk, Kathy W.
IV Beals, Joseph
Finke, Ashley
Perigard, Raymond
Martin, Stephanie
Marshall, Richelle
Jiang, Yue
Ibrahim, Joseph G.
Yeh, John
Fink, Dorothy A.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The US Department of Health and Human Services Office on Women’s Health (Contract Number: 75P00120C00066.)
The US Department of Health and Human Services Office on Women’s Health (Contract Number: 75P00120C00066.)
The US Department of Health and Human Services Office on Women’s Health (Contract Number: 75P00120C00066.)
The US Department of Health and Human Services Office on Women’s Health (Contract Number: 75P00120C00066.)
The US Department of Health and Human Services Office on Women’s Health (Contract Number: 75P00120C00066.)
The US Department of Health and Human Services Office on Women’s Health (Contract Number: 75P00120C00066.)
The US Department of Health and Human Services Office on Women’s Health (Contract Number: 75P00120C00066.)
The US Department of Health and Human Services Office on Women’s Health (Contract Number: 75P00120C00066.)
The US Department of Health and Human Services Office on Women’s Health (Contract Number: 75P00120C00066.)
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Article History
Received: 12 August 2025
Accepted: 21 November 2025
First Online: 25 November 2025
Declarations
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: The PHD is considered exempt from Institutional Review Board (IRB) oversight under Title 45 Code of Federal Regulations, Part 46 of the United States, specifically 45 CFR 46.101(b)(4). In accordance with the HIPAA Privacy Rule, disclosed data from the PHD are considered de-identified per 45 CFR 164.506(d)(2)(ii)(B) through the “Expert Determination” method.Because this study involved only de-identified secondary data, informed consent from participants was not required and was waived in accordance with U.S. federal regulations (45 CFR 46.104(d)(4)). No contact with human subjects occurred, and no identifiable private information was accessed.This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and the Belmont Report, as applicable to research using de-identified secondary data.
: Not applicable.
: The authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: This study was supported through a contractual agreement between the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and Premier, Inc. (contract 75P00120C00066), which provided financial compensation for the research. HHS participated in the study design, data collection, analysis, data interpretation, manuscript review, and the decision to publish. The authors declare no other competing interests.
