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Article History

Received: 16 March 2025

Accepted: 8 January 2026

First Online: 21 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The dataset used is publicly available and does not contain individually identifiable information. As the study used archival data, an exemption was obtained from the Institutional Review Board at Chung-Ang University’s Institutional Review Board (No. 1041078-20240618-HR-152). The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Participation in the original survey was voluntary and confidential, and all participants provided informed written consent. Trained national data collection personnel collected data by conducting in-person interviews, self-reports, or online.

: This study used publicly available anonymized national survey data, so consent for publication was not required. Human Ethics and Consent to Participate declarations: not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.