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Authors
Thrower, Alexis https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1015-6319
Modlin, Sarah
Whitaker, Kara M.
Gibbs, Bethany Barone
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U10HD063036, U10HD063072, U10HD063047, U10HD063037, U10HD063041, U10HD063020, U10HD063046, U10HD063048, and U10HD063053)
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U10HD063036, U10HD063072, U10HD063047, U10HD063037, U10HD063041, U10HD063020, U10HD063046, U10HD063048, and U10HD063053)
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U10HD063036, U10HD063072, U10HD063047, U10HD063037, U10HD063041, U10HD063020, U10HD063046, U10HD063048, and U10HD063053)
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U10HD063036, U10HD063072, U10HD063047, U10HD063037, U10HD063041, U10HD063020, U10HD063046, U10HD063048, and U10HD063053)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL158652)
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Article History
Received: 10 June 2025
Accepted: 11 January 2026
First Online: 6 February 2026
Declarations
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: Participants were recruited from eight sites across the United States (Case Western University, Columbia University, Indiana University, Northwestern University, University of California at Irvine, University of Pennsylvania, University of Pittsburgh, and University of Utah). Each site’s Institutional Review Board approved research protocols and all participants provided written informed consent. If participants were considered minors in the state they enrolled, informed consent was obtained from their legal guardian, and assent was obtained from the minor. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: AT holds a MS in Exercise Physiology and is currently a PhD candidate in the Division of Exercise Physiology at West Virginia University (Morgantown, WV). Additionally, AT has earned two separate 200-hour registered yoga teacher certifications. SM holds an MPH in Data Analytics and is a research associate at West Virginia University (Morgantown, WV). KW is an Associate Professor and Director of Graduate Studies at the University of Iowa (Iowa City, IA) with an MPH in Physical Activity and PhD in Exercise Science. BBG is a Professor and Chair of the Epidemiologist and Biostatistics Department at West Virginia University (Morgantown, WV) with an ScM and PhD in Epidemiology.
