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Authors
Duzguner, Soner https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6398-2625
Sagir, Fulya Gokdagli https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1087-8082
Kale, Ibrahim https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7802-7199
Duzguner, Ipek Nur Balin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1157-6817
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Article History
Received: 15 October 2025
Accepted: 19 January 2026
First Online: 28 January 2026
Declarations
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: The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Ümraniye Training and Research Hospital (approval date and number: 11/09/2025, B.I0.1.TKH.4.34.H.GP.0.01/301). Following ethical approval, retrospective data from deliveries between 2018 and 2025 were evaluated. The requirement for informed consent was waived due to the retrospective design. All procedures complied with the Declaration of Helsinki and the STROBE reporting guidelines, and patient identifiers were anonymized to ensure confidentiality. In Turkey, the legal age of consent for pregnancy-related medical procedures is 18 years; parental consent may be required for individuals aged 17 years, and judicial approval may be required for those aged 16–17 years. All Turkish participants were aged 16 years or older. A small number of participants younger than 16 years were refugees; however, all participants, regardless of age or nationality, were managed in full compliance with institutional ethical standards and approved ethical procedures, including consent requirements applicable at the institutional level.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
