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Authors
Xue, Rui-Hong
Zhang, Ying
Tang, Dan
Li, Yun-Xia
Li, Juan
Zhang, Lin
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Article History
Received: 28 September 2025
Accepted: 27 January 2026
First Online: 6 February 2026
Declarations
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: This study’s ethical approval covers a project with two components: retrospective and prospective cohorts. Only retrospective data were used in this manuscript. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai, China (GKLW-2022 − 37 − 01). Written informed consent was waived, and approval was obtained via an amended and updated ethical approval document (GKLW-A-2026-009-01) by the Committee.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
