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Authors
Munyambaraga, Israel Cyubahiro https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4144-9475
Nikuze, Césarie
Nsengimana, Edmond
Niyonshuti, Placide Shema
Manishimwe, Philemon
Kalisa, Richard
Rutayisire, Erigene
Dushimimana, Pasteur https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4708-4202
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Article History
Received: 20 October 2025
Accepted: 29 January 2026
First Online: 7 February 2026
Declarations
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: This retrospective study analyzed secondary data extracted from existing medical records and did not involve any direct interaction with human participants. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the University of Rwanda, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (Reference No. CMHS/IRB/399/2025). Permission to access patient files was granted by the management of the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali (CHUK). Given that only de-identified data were used, the IRB waived the requirement for informed consent. All data were handled confidentially and used solely for research purposes, in accordance with institutional guidelines and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
