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Authors
Ouma, Alice
Oduor, Clifford
Agogo, George O.
Mutinda, Robert
Kiplangat, Samwel
Serbanescu, Florina
Munywoki, Patrick K.
Bigogo, Godfrey
Verani, Jennifer R.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Cooperative Agreement #6U01GH002143)
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Cooperative Agreement #6U01GH002143)
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Cooperative Agreement #6U01GH002143)
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Cooperative Agreement #6U01GH002143)
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Cooperative Agreement #6U01GH002143)
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Cooperative Agreement #6U01GH002143)
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Cooperative Agreement #6U01GH002143)
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Cooperative Agreement #6U01GH002143)
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Cooperative Agreement #6U01GH002143)
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Article History
Received: 5 April 2024
Accepted: 4 February 2026
First Online: 18 February 2026
Declarations
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: Informed consent forms and data were collected under the PBIDS protocol which was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Kenya Medical Research Institute - Scientific and Ethics Research Units (SERU #2761) and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (#6775). Written informed consent to participate in PBIDS was obtained from heads of households on behalf of all household members at the time of enrollment. In every household visit, verbal consent was obtained from individual members of the household. Participation was voluntary and individual members were free to withdraw participation at any time.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
