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Authors
Catling, Christine
Kasaye, Habtamu
Rossiter, Chris
Dale, Simeon
Phipps, Hala
Farrell, Kathryn
Donovan, Helen
Maguire, Jane
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Health and Medical Research Council
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Article History
Received: 22 September 2025
Accepted: 20 February 2026
First Online: 3 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Lead Research Ethics and Governance Office at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (X21-0230 & 2021/ETH00414), as well as from the Human Research Ethics Committees (HRECs) of each participating site and the University of Technology Sydney (ETH21-6800). Approval states that the research meets the requirements of the Australian National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research (National Health and Medical Research Council, 2025), which is consistent with the global Helsinki Declaration on Ethical Principles for Medical Research involving Human Participants. Informed consent was gained from all maternity sites and participants.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
