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Article History

Received: 9 May 2025

Accepted: 19 March 2026

First Online: 7 April 2026

Declarations

:

: For the original conduct of the 2022 BDHS, ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of ICF International, USA, and the Ethical Review Committee of the Bangladesh Medical Research Council (BMRC), Dhaka, Bangladesh. The enumerators obtained informed consent and authorization to anonymously use the data from all survey participants. In our study, we obtained permission to use the 2022 BDHS data from the DHS program. No further ethical approval was needed, as our study solely involved secondary data analysis of publicly available data that did not contain any identifiable information that was linked to the actual survey participants.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.