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Authors
Edwards, Renee C.
Shah, Seema K.
Sinche, Brianna K.
Ahrenholtz, Rachel
Cao, Quyen
Davis, Tabitha J.
Blum, Abigail L.
Premkumar, Ashish
Norton, Elizabeth S.
Massey, Suena H.
Wakschlag, Lauren S.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01 DA050700)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (R34DA050266)
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Article History
Received: 13 November 2025
Accepted: 26 March 2026
First Online: 8 June 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards at Washington University at St. Louis, Northwestern University, and Lurie Children’s Hospital. The research was conducted in accordance with U.S. federal regulations (45 CFR 46, the Common Rule) and ethical principles described in the Belmont Report and the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided informed consent.
Consent for publication: Not applicable. No images, videos or identifiable information is included in this manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
