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Authors
Fili, Romina https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0705-8007
Behmanesh, Fereshteh https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5837-4265
Omrani, Atefeh https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4264-722X
Nikbakht, Hossein-Ali https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8556-431X
Nazmi, Sana https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7005-2717
Farahani, Leila Amiri https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3691-8246
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Article History
Received: 30 January 2025
Accepted: 30 March 2026
First Online: 6 April 2026
Declarations
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: The present cross-sectional study was part of a mixed-methods research project approved by the Ethics Committee of Babol University of Medical Sciences (IR.MUBABOL.HRI.REC.1401.238). Participation was voluntary, and only women who provided informed written consent completed the questionnaires. Participants were assured that their choice not to participate or to withdraw from the study would not affect the quality of their prenatal care. Additionally, confidentiality and the privacy of the participants were strictly upheld. Research conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
