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Authors
Thomas, Karenna
Siegler, Anne
Freese, Rebecca
Bull, Chelsey
Shlafer, Rebecca J.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (5R01HD103634)
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Article History
Received: 18 December 2025
Accepted: 21 April 2026
First Online: 23 April 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the University of Utah Institutional Review Board, which served as the single IRB for this multi-site study (IRB #00144656; approved March 9, 2022). The study was conducted in accordance with federal regulations and the 2018 Common Rule. Approval included the participation of pregnant women and prisoners in accordance with 45 CFR 46 Subparts B and C.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
