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Authors
Nie, Qingwen https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3928-3094
Xu, Yao https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1473-2003
Wan, Zixian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1890-3246
Hong, Fan https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1799-7090
Wang, Chi Chiu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3928-7278
Wang, Zhijian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7958-6627
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
High-Level Talent Fund of Guangzhou Medical University (06-445-1196)
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Article History
Received: 19 November 2025
Accepted: 21 April 2026
First Online: 30 April 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (number: IRB-2025-083). The need for specific written informed consent was waived by the same IRB due to the retrospective nature of the study. However, all women who delivered during the study period provided general informed consent for the use of their anonymized data for research purposes upon admission.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
