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“Everywhere you see, C-sections are happening”: examining trends and reasons for a rise in cesarean-section deliveries among women in urban informal settlements, Mumbai Metropolitan Region, using a mixed methods approach

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-026-09160-8

Published Online: 2026-05-04

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Spencer, Jennifer

Rajan, Sheetal

Sawant, Rijuta

Patil, Sarita

Pantvaidya, Shanti

D’Souza, Vanessa

Das, Sushmita
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

Epic Foundation
License Information

Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-05-04

Version of Record valid from 2026-06-22
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Article History

Received: 30 July 2025

Accepted: 22 April 2026

First Online: 4 May 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for the quantitative surveys was obtained from the institutional review boards of Sigma Research and Consulting Pvt. Ltd. and Bandra Holy Family Hospital. For the qualitative research, ethical approval was obtained from the MPRS ® Research institutional review board. For the quantitative surveys, written informed consent was obtained from all the respondents. For the qualitative study, verbal informed consent was obtained from all the participants; the use of verbal consent was approved by the review board. All study procedures were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

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