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Article History

Received: 26 August 2024

Accepted: 22 April 2026

First Online: 30 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Not applicable.  All authors approved the final manuscript as submitted and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The ELFE study received ethical approvals for data collection in maternity units and for each data collection wave during follow-up from the national advisory committee on information processing in health research (CCTIRS: Comité Consultatif sur le Traitement des Informations pour la Recherche et la Santé), the national data protection authority (CNIL: Commission Nationale Informatique et Liberté), and the committee for protection of persons engaged in research (CPP: Comité de Protection des Personnes). The ELFE study was also approved by the national committee for statistical information (CNIS: Conseil National de l’Information Statistique).  Participating mothers had to provide written informed consent for their own and their child’s participation. When present at inclusion, fathers signed the consent form for the child’s participation or were informed about their rights to oppose it.