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Authors
Rhoda, Janice L.
Hannan, Luke
Madlala, Hlengiwe
Malaba, Thokozile
Myer, Landon
Boulle, Andrew
Davies, Mary-Ann
Nyemba, Dorothy C.
Kalk, Emma
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Article History
Received: 1 May 2025
Accepted: 6 May 2026
First Online: 21 May 2026
Declarations
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: This study received ethical approval from the University of Cape Town’s Faculty of Health Sciences Research Ethics Committee (UCT-HREC-665/2022 and 749/2015). To participate in the study written informed consent was obtained from women antenatally, and again for themselves and their infants after birth.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
