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Article History

Received: 5 March 2026

Accepted: 29 May 2026

First Online: 10 June 2026

Declarations

:

: This research was conducted in compliance with the Helsinki Declaration. All participants provided written informed consent after receiving comprehensive information regarding the study protocol, potential risks, and rights protection. The study complied with fundamental ethical principles including voluntariness, confidentiality, justice, beneficence/non-maleficence, and respect for persons throughout all research procedures. This study strictly adhered to medical research ethics guidelines. It received approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-care Hospital at a convened meeting on October 15, 2024 (the ethical approval document was issued on April 17, 2025, with number (2025) GSFY-IRB-57). The study period was from November 2024 to October 2025, and all participant recruitment and data collection began only after the ethical approval (October 15, 2024).

: It is not applicable to this study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest regarding competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper.