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Article History

Received: 21 January 2026

Accepted: 10 June 2026

First Online: 17 June 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Participation in the survey was voluntary, and the completion and submission of the questionnaire implied informed consent. The survey interface displayed contact details and a cover text outlining the purpose of the study, emphasizing the absence of right or wrong answers, and ensuring anonymity and confidentiality.The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki [ ], which states that research involving human subjects and potentially affecting their well-being requires ethical approval. However, studies assessing opinions on working conditions and job satisfaction through self-administered online surveys do not expose participants to direct health-related risks or involve health-related data and are therefore exempt from ethical approval by an Ethics Committee or Institutional Review Board. This exemption is supported by national and European regulations: the Spanish Law 14/2007 (July 3rd) on Biomedical Research, which requires ethics approval only for studies involving clinical interventions or handling personal health data; and the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR, 2016/679), which does not mandate ethics approval for opinion-based surveys unless sensitive health data or other special categories of information are collected (Article 9). Our study did not process any sensitive personal data or special categories.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.