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Authors
Mahdi, Abdikarim Osman https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4581-815X
Abdi, Abdirahman Ibrahim https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2935-7510
Abdi, Abdkerem Abdulahi https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2530-391X
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Article History
Received: 9 April 2026
Accepted: 25 June 2026
First Online: 1 July 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from Research Ethics Committee of Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Uganda (MUST-2024-1864), and the National Institute of Health, Somalia (NIH/IRB/24/10), which operates under the Federal Ministry of Health of Somalia. Administrative permission was also secured from the study site. All participants were fully informed about the purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits of the study prior to participation. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant before enrolment. Participation was entirely voluntary, and participants were informed of their right to withdraw at any time without any consequences. Confidentiality and anonymity were strictly maintained throughout the research process.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
