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Article History

Received: 14 November 2024

Accepted: 9 July 2026

First Online: 15 July 2026

Declarations

Ethical approval and consent to participate: Secondary data analysis was conducted using the 2019 Ethiopian Mini Demographic and Health Survey (EMDHS). Ethical clearance for the original survey was obtained from the National Research Ethics Review Committee (NRERC) at the Ministry of Health, the Institutional Review Board of ICF, and the relevant governmental bodies. In accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, the survey protocol ensured that informed consent (written or verbal, depending on literacy status) was obtained from all participants or their legal guardians prior to interviewing. The authors obtained authorized access to the dataset in Stata format from the DHS Program website ( ) upon approval of a formal research project request. To ensure data integrity, privacy, and accessibility, data management and reporting were performed in strict compliance with the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) Data Principles. All methods were executed in accordance with the relevant institutional and national guidelines and regulations.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.