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Authors
Beloum, Nathalie https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5270-8682
Camara, Bully
Nakakana, Usman N.
Sillah, Fatoumata
Danso, Madikoi
Jones, Joquina C.
Graves, Shashu
Sabally, Edrissa
Badjie, Siaka
Jarra, Omar
Suso, Abdoulie
Ndure, Ebrahim
Njie, Yusupha
Bottomley, Christian
Tinto, Halidou
D’Alessandro, Umberto
Brotherton, Helen
Roca, Anna
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
UK Research and Innovation ((MC_EX_MR/P006949))
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1196513)
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Article History
Received: 14 February 2024
Accepted: 9 July 2026
First Online: 17 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study is a secondary analysis of the PregnAnZI-2 clinical trial. The trial was approved by The Gambia Government/Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia (MRCG) Joint Ethics Committee, the Comité d’Ethique pour la Recherche en Santé (CERS) and the Ministry of Health of Burkina Faso, and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) Ethics Committee. This included approval for further research utilising trial data. During antenatal care visits all participants provided written informed consent to participate in the trial and were free to withdraw at any time. They also consented for the use of their data for further research.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: Dr Usman Nakakana is current employee of Gates Foundation but he doesn't own shares and was not affiliated with them at the time the study was conducted.
