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Authors
Barboza-Salerno, Gia Elise https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4953-4148
Harrington, Taylor
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Institute of Population Health
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Article History
Received: 19 July 2025
Accepted: 21 August 2026
First Online: 31 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was reviewed and deemed exempt by The Ohio State University Institutional Review Board and approved by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention under the data usage agreement for the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. Participants provided informed consent as part of the PRAMS data collection protocol. All procedures adhered to the ethical standards outlined in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
