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Authors
Kadam, Kiran
Dayma, Girish
Gadapani-Pathak, Barsha
Yadav, Suresh
Banerjee, Rupsa
Mutalikdesai, Nisha
Pandey, Anuj Kumar
Kandpal, Vani
Manna, Subhanwita
Gautam, Diksha
Rathore, Suman
Gadgil, Mukta
Deshmukh, Sanjay
Ambadekar, Nitin
Gupta, Mamta
Sahwney, Inderdeep Kaur
Karol, Sunidhi
Bamania, Shankar
Neogi, Sutapa Bandyopadhyay
Mazumder, Sarmila
Mukherjee, Reema
Patil, Rutuja
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Indian Council of Medical Research
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Article History
Received: 11 December 2025
Accepted: 11 September 2026
First Online: 18 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The ethical approval for this study was obtained from KEM Hospital Research Centre Institutional Ethics Committee (Reference No. KEMHRC/RVM/EC/1964) for Pune site; Institutional Review Board, International Institute of Health Management Research Delhi (Ref no: IRB/2024–2025/01) for Sangrur site; ICMR-NIRNCD institutional ethics committee (Ref no: IEC-NIIRNCD/2023/DEC/FR/004) for Jodhpur site; and Society of Applied statistics Institutional Ethics committee (Ref No: SAS/ERC/ICMR Stillbirths Study/2024). Administrative permissions were obtained at district and facility levels prior to data collection. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before data collection, including consent for audio recording of interviews. Confidentiality and data security were maintained throughout the study.
Consent for publication: Not Applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
