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Authors
Tasnim, Zarin
Mwakawanga, Dorkasi L.
Rahman, Md Jiaur
Chen, Sanmei
Mwilike, Beatrice
Massae, Agnes F.
Herwansyah,
Fujimoto, Saori
Fujita, Kaori
Kojima, Mio
Shimpuku, Yoko https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7531-7019
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Agency for Medical Research and Development ((JP24hk0302012))
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Article History
Received: 17 June 2026
Accepted: 24 September 2026
First Online: 5 October 2026
Declarations
Ethical Approval and consent to participate: The study protocol was conducted in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations stipulated in the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the National Institute for Medical Research, Tanzania (NIMR/HQ/R.8a/Vol. IX/4341), and the Institutional Review Board of Hiroshima University, Japan (C2023-0008). Written informed consent was obtained from each study participant after they were provided with sufficient information regarding the study objectives and procedures. All participants were informed of the voluntary nature of the research and that they could decline or withdraw at any point during the study.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Conflict of interest: No conflict of interest.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
