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Article History

Received: 9 January 2018

Accepted: 18 April 2018

First Online: 27 April 2018

Ethics approval and consent to participate

: We notified the physician of each selected patient of our intention to contact his or her patient and gave the physician the option to exclude any patient(s). If there was no physician objection, we initiated the Dillman method for contacting patients to encourage a survey response from those patients who were identified as eligible. This method involves mailing an introductory letter, survey materials including informed consent language describing the risks and benefits of participation, a self-addressed stamped return envelope, and a monetary incentive ($10). The return of a completed survey was considered implied consent to participate in the study. The study protocol was approved by the institutional review boards of the University of Michigan, Wayne State University, Emory University, the State of Michigan, and the State of Georgia Department of Public Health.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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