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Article History

Received: 7 April 2022

Accepted: 20 July 2022

First Online: 1 August 2022

Declarations

:

: The authors confirm to follow the study protocol that was approved by the ethics committees of the IRB-International University of Health and Welfare, Japan (Approval number 19-Ig-17) dated 27 May 2019. This study uses the database of existing previous completed case-control studies. Participants were anonymous and personal information was coded which cannot identify participants. Each participant was coded with an ID. Data is saved into a USB stick memory with a password.For the existing previous completed case-control studies All methods were performed and carried out by-relevant ethical guidelines and Vietnam’s national regulations. The existing previous completed case-control studies were performed in the hospitals located in Hanoi from 2003 to 2019. We obtained verbal informed consent from all participants and the study protocol was approved by the Institution Review Board for Ethics in Biomedical Research - Ha Noi Medical University has agreed to approve, number 3918/HMUIRB dated 25 December 2018. Such as, for the week from 8 to 12 Jan. 2018, among the list of 81 patients admitted and were planning to be treated by surgeries at the Dept. of Surgery of Bach Mai hospital, we invited 34 of 81 patients agreed to participate in the study as voluntary. Study participants have completed a questionnaire survey and allowed investigators access to data of routine laboratory tests of <i>H. pylori</i> infection and hepatitis viral infection. According to the guideline for epidemiological studies in Vietnam and Japan in 2002, written informed consent was not required for an observational study based on a questionnaire survey. Completion and return of the questionnaire were considered implied consent.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.