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Article History

Received: 30 May 2023

Accepted: 13 September 2023

First Online: 20 September 2023

Declarations

: Ethics approval and consent to participateThe study protocols received approval from the Medical Ethics Committee of Taichung Veterans General Hospital (Approval number: CF17263B-4). Informed consent was obtained from all subjects or their legal guardians prior to surgery, and the collected samples were promptly frozen. The validation cohort consisted of 254 cases selected from the primary cohort based on the following criteria: (1) availability of follow-up data and samples, and (2) postoperative survival time exceeding 1 month. Between January 2010 and August 2022, tissue specimens were collected from 139 patients diagnosed with GBM. Exclusion criteria included: 1. GBM patients with unconfirmed pathology, 2. GBM patients with spinal involvement, and 3. GBM patients with incomplete data records. All methods strictly adhered to the guidelines and regulations of Taichung Veterans General Hospital and were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: All of the authors declare no conflicts of interest.