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Article History

Received: 31 October 2023

Accepted: 22 December 2024

First Online: 8 January 2025

Declarations

:

: All procedures involving human participants in this study adhered to the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee, as well as the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments or equivalent ethical guidelines. The study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Fudan University School of Nursing (Approval Number: IRB#2021-07-05). Prior to participation, all individuals were thoroughly informed about the study’s objectives, procedures, their rights, and the measures in place to ensure data confidentiality. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

: All authors have reviewed and approved the final version of this manuscript for submission. Additionally, all participants involved in the study have provided written informed consent for the publication of anonymized data and findings derived from the research. The authors affirm that no identifiable personal information or sensitive data has been included in this publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests.