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Authors
Zheng, Yuhang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8244-9113
Chen, Yuehua https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8902-6180
Wu, Shiyin https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2086-9651
Deng, Qingwen
Liu, Wenbin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9369-9858
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72274035)
Distinguished Young Scientific Research Talents Plan in Universities of Fujian Province (2018B030)
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Article History
Received: 20 May 2024
Accepted: 17 June 2025
First Online: 4 July 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical permission was granted for this study from the Ethics Committee of Fujian Medical University (No. 2017-17). This study was conducted under the Declaration of Helsinki. A formal letter of cooperation was written to the directors of each selected medical institution and permission was obtained. All participating clinicians voluntarily joined the study after being informed of its purpose, without receiving any form of compensation or incentive. Before data collection, a written informed consent form was provided. Signing the form was considered full consent to participate; those who declined to sign were excluded. All responses were collected anonymously. No undisclosed conflicts of interest were present during the study. The design, data analysis, and dissemination of results were conducted independently, free from any financial or personal influence.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
