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Article History

Received: 17 October 2024

Accepted: 1 August 2025

First Online: 1 October 2025

Declarations

:

: An ethics approval was not required for this study because the research conducted on Flatiron’s deidentified data does not constitute human subject research under the Common Rule. All study data were fully compliant with US patient confidentiality requirements, including the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996. The study used only deidentified patient records and therefore was exempted from Institutional Review Board approval. Patient consent was waived for the following reasons: study did not involve greater than minimal risk; study leveraged observational research, which relies on data that was previously collected—as such it is not practicable to conduct the research without the waiver or alteration; waiving or altering the informed consent would not adversely affect the subjects’ rights and welfare.

: Not applicable.

: JC is employed by Flatiron Health and holds stock in Roche. At the time of study conduct, JC was employed by Evidera, which received funding from AstraZeneca for this work. BM and BN are employed by Evidera, which received funding from AstraZeneca for this work. DH, MM, and DV are employed by AstraZeneca. MM holds shares in AstraZeneca Plc. At time of study conduct, DV held stocks with AstraZeneca.