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Authors
Sharma, Anukriti
Johnson, Ken B.
Sen, Alper
Bie, Bihua
Rhoades, Emily E.
Steenblik, Jacob
DeVecchio, Jennifer
Hershberger, Courtney
Wei, Mei
Henry, N. Lynn
Dargham, Carla Bou
Budd, G. Thomas
Foss, Joseph
Rotroff, Daniel M.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the National Institutes of Health (1R61NS113258, R33NS113258)
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Article History
Received: 17 April 2025
Accepted: 20 August 2025
First Online: 15 October 2025
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and ethical approval was granted by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Cleveland Clinic (IRB# 20–908). Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion in the study.
: Not applicable.
: D.M.R. has received research support from Novo Nordisk and Bayer Pharmaceuticals, has equity in Clarified Precision Medicine, and Genovation Health, LLC and owns intellectual property related to liver cancer and type 2 diabetes. K.B.J. has received research support from Medtronic, has equity in Applied Medical Visualizations, LLC, is on the advisory board of Senzime, is a board examiner for the American Board of Anesthesiology, the Section Editor of International Anesthesia Research Society–Anesthesia and Analgesia, and on the Editorial Board of the International Anesthesia Research Society. J.F. has received consulting honoraria from MCG Health. N.L.H. is a consultant for AstraZeneca and receives royalties from Up-to-Date.
