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Article History

Received: 5 June 2025

Accepted: 22 August 2025

First Online: 16 September 2025

Declarations

:

: The study with the internal cohort (Female cohort) was approved by the Ethical Committee of Lund University, Sweden (Dnr 3/2006). The study complied with the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki, as revised in 1983. All participants provided written informed consent for the scientific use of their clinical data and samples. This study also used the publicly available dataset GSE39582, TCGA-COAD, and E-MTAB-12862, and no ethical approvals were required.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.