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Article History

Received: 14 July 2025

Accepted: 26 August 2025

First Online: 29 September 2025

Declarations

:

: Ethics approval was obtained after review by the Ethics Committee of the Goethe University Frankfurt under reference number 274/18 and project number UCT-13–2022. All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional committee, the Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments.

: Not applicable.

: SA owns stock in HAVN Life Sciences, Heidelberg Pharma AG and Pfizer, outside the submitted work. LS has received travel compensation from IQVIA, outside the submitted work. JJV has personal fees from Merck/MSD, Gilead, Pfizer, Astellas Pharma, Basilea, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), University Hospital Freiburg/Congress and Communication, Academy for Infectious Medicine, University Manchester, German Society for Infectious Diseases (DGI), Ärztekammer Nordrhein, University Hospital Aachen, Back Bay Strategies, German Society for Internal Medicine (DGIM), Shionogi, Molecular Health, Netzwerk Universitätsmedizin, Janssen, NordForsk, Biontech, APOGEPHA and grants from Merck/MSD, Gilead, Pfizer, Astellas Pharma, Basilea, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), University of Bristol, Rigshospitalet Copenhagen, outside the submitted work. DM received speaker honoraria from Free University Berlin and travel compensation from IQVIA, outside the submitted work. All remaining authors have nothing to disclose.