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Authors
Lu, Zhendong
Bao, Pengfei
Wang, Taiwei
Hu, Kairui
Zhang, Lina
Yi, Ling
Pan, Yuanming
Li, Weiying
Lu, Zhi John
Wang, Jinghui
Ruan, Junzhong
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Beijing Municipal Public Welfare Development and Reform Pilot Project for Medical Research Institutes (No. JYY2023-14)
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Article History
Received: 22 May 2025
Accepted: 26 August 2025
First Online: 10 November 2025
Declarations
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: Approval of the research protocol by an Institutional Review Board : Patients with multiple primary malignant neoplasms or other lung cancer types (squamous carcinoma, small cell lung cancer, etc.) were excluded from the cohort. The final cohort included 25 benign lung disease and 25 lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients, encompassing individuals diagnosed at Beijing Chest Hospital (Beijing, China) between 2022 and 2023.This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Beijing Chest Hospital (No. BJXK-2021-KY-12).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
