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Authors
Meng, Shanshan
Lv, Anna
Li, Na
Ding, Xiuna
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Qingdao Key Health Discipline Development Fund (2025-2027)
Qingdao Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases (22-3-7-lczx-7-nsh)
Shandong Provincial Key Medical and Health Discipline of Oral Medicine (2025-2027)
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Article History
Received: 29 April 2025
Accepted: 4 September 2025
First Online: 14 October 2025
Declarations
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: This study utilized publicly available, de-identified data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. As such, ethical approval was not required for this secondary analysis of aggregated data.
: Not applicable, as this study analyzed publicly available aggregated data without individual patient information.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
