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Authors
Zhang, Quan
Xu, Junzhu
Deng, Shanshan
Li, Xin
Wang, Yan
Cai, Ying
Wang, Xuan
Ma, Hu
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project (Grant No. 2023ZD0502105, Grant No. 2023ZD0502105, Grant No. 2023ZD0502105, Grant No. 2023ZD0502105, Grant No. 2023ZD0502105, Grant No. 2023ZD0502105, Grant No. 2023ZD0502105, Grant No. 2023ZD0502105)
Chunhui program of the MOE (Grant No. HZKY20220231, Grant No. HZKY20220231, Grant No. HZKY20220231, Grant No. HZKY20220231, Grant No. HZKY20220231, Grant No. HZKY20220231, Grant No. HZKY20220231, Grant No. HZKY20220231)
MOE Liberal arts and Social Sciences Foundation (Grant No. 24YJCZH462, Grant No. 24YJCZH462, Grant No. 24YJCZH462, Grant No. 24YJCZH462, Grant No. 24YJCZH462, Grant No. 24YJCZH462, Grant No. 24YJCZH462, Grant No. 24YJCZH462)
the Natural Science Foundation of Guizhou Province (Grant No. ZK2022-YB632, Grant No. ZK2022-YB632, Grant No. ZK2022-YB632, Grant No. ZK2022-YB632, Grant No. ZK2022-YB632, Grant No. ZK2022-YB632, Grant No. ZK2022-YB632, Grant No. ZK2022-YB632)
Youth Talent Project of Guizhou Provincial Department of Education (Grant No. QJJ2022-224, Grant No. QJJ2022-224, Grant No. QJJ2022-224, Grant No. QJJ2022-224, Grant No. QJJ2022-224, Grant No. QJJ2022-224, Grant No. QJJ2022-224, Grant No. QJJ2022-224)
China Lung Cancer Immunotherapy Research Project, Excellent Young Talent Cultivation Project of Zunyi City (Zunshi Kehe HZ (2023) 142, Zunshi Kehe HZ (2023) 142, Zunshi Kehe HZ (2023) 142, Zunshi Kehe HZ (2023) 142, Zunshi Kehe HZ (2023) 142, Zunshi Kehe HZ (2023) 142, Zunshi Kehe HZ (2023) 142, Zunshi Kehe HZ (2023) 142)
Future Science and Technology Elite Talent Cultivation Project of Zunyi Medical University (ZYSE 2023-02, ZYSE 2023-02, ZYSE 2023-02, ZYSE 2023-02, ZYSE 2023-02, ZYSE 2023-02, ZYSE 2023-02, ZYSE 2023-02)
the Key Program of the Education Sciences Planning of Guizhou Province (Grant No.7, Grant No.7, Grant No.7, Grant No.7, Grant No.7, Grant No.7, Grant No.7, Grant No.7)
Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Ministry of Education (Grant No. 2020-39, Grant No. 2020-39, Grant No. 2020-39, Grant No. 2020-39, Grant No. 2020-39, Grant No. 2020-39, Grant No. 2020-39, Grant No. 2020-39)
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Article History
Received: 12 August 2025
Accepted: 15 September 2025
First Online: 14 October 2025
Declarations
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: This study is a retrospective pooled analysis of existing clinical trial data and was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. As this research involved secondary analysis of anonymized data, the Institutional Review Board of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University (No. YXLL(KY-R)-2021-010) approved the study and waived the requirement for written informed consent, deeming it to be of negligible risk. The original trials from which data were pooled had obtained independent ethics committee approvals and complied with the Declaration of Helsinki, including appropriate informed consent procedures for primary data collection. No potentially identifiable images or data are included in this article.
: Not applicable.
: Dr. Ma has served as a consultant for Merck Serono, MSD, BMS and has received research support from Merck Serono, MSD, AstraZeneca, Novartis, BMS, and Teva. Other authors declares no potential conflicts of interest.
