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Article History

Received: 17 April 2025

Accepted: 22 September 2025

First Online: 31 October 2025

Declarations

:

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: M.B., A.B., F.B., S.B., G.B., A.M.C., P.L.C., M.Cav., A.C., L.D.P., D.D., F.D.R., C.G., F.G., M.G., N.G., V.M., P.M., M.O., F.P., M.T.P., M.R., P.T., E.Z., and R.Z. received a professional fee to participate in the study by Menarini Stemline Italia S.r.l.At the time of project initiation and drafting of the paper, M.Cai., B.C., P.L.M., R.M., and F.F. were employed by IQVIA Italy, which receives professional service fees for a large number of activities in biopharma from a large number of sponsors, including Menarini Stemline Italia S.r.l.M.B. has received honoraria from Sanofi, Celgene, Amgen, Janssen, Novartis, Bristol Myers Squibb, and AbbVie; has served on the advisory boards of Janssen and GlaxoSmithKline; and has received research funding from Sanofi, Celgene, Amgen, Janssen, Novartis, Bristol Myers Squibb, and Mundipharma. A.B. has served on the advisory boards of Janssen, Amgen, GlaxoSmithKline, and Pfizer. S.B. has received honoraria from Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Sanofi, and AbbVie; has served on the advisory boards of Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen, Takeda, Pfizer, Stemline Therapeutics, and Oncopeptides; and has received consultancy fees from Sanofi. M.Cav. has received honoraria from Janssen, Celgene, Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Takeda, AbbVie, Sanofi, and Adaptive Biotechnologies; and is a member of speakers’ bureaus for Janssen and Celgene. L.D.P. has served on the advisory boards of AbbVie, Amgen, Celgene, and Janssen. F.G. has received honoraria from Amgen, Celgene, Janssen, Takeda, Bristol Myers Squibb, AbbVie, GlaxoSmithKline, and Sanofi; has served on the advisory boards of Amgen, Celgene, Janssen, Takeda, Bristol Myers Squibb, AbbVie, GlaxoSmithKline, Roche, Oncopeptides, Pfizer, Sanofi, AstraZeneca, and Kite, a Gilead company. P.M. has received honoraria from Celgene, Janssen, Takeda, Bristol Myers Squibb, Amgen, Novartis, Gilead, Jazz, Sanofi, AbbVie, and GlaxoSmithKline; and has served on the advisory boards of Celgene, Janssen, Takeda, Bristol Myers Squibb, Amgen, Jazz, Sanofi, AbbVie, and GlaxoSmithKline. M.O. has received honoraria and served on the advisory boards of Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Sanofi, and Takeda. F.P. has participated in advisory boards and/or received fees for presentations at meetings from Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen, Menarini, Novartis, Sanofi, and Takeda. M.T.P. has received honoraria from Janssen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Amgen, Sanofi, GlaxoSmithKline, and Takeda; has served on the advisory boards of Janssen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Amgen, Sanofi, GlaxoSmithKline, Takeda, Roche, Oncopeptides, Pfizer, and Menarini; and has received support for attending meetings and/or travel from Janssen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Amgen, Sanofi, and Takeda. E.Z. has received honoraria from Janssen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Amgen, and Takeda. R.Z. has served on the advisory boards of Janssen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Amgen, Sanofi, GlaxoSmithKline, Menarini, and Oncopeptides. All other authors declare no further competing interests.