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Article History

Received: 12 November 2024

Accepted: 1 October 2025

First Online: 3 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The clinical trial was approved by the local and national ethical committees for each country: the Ethics Committee of the Universitätsmedizin Göttingen (17/1/24 MK MDR Art. 82 monoz.) for Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, the Comitato Etico Cantonale (BASEC ID/Rif. CE: 2023-D0009, Rif CE TI 4287) for Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Helsinki Committee in Rambam Medical Center (ID: 0141-23-RMB, Ministry of Health number: MOH_2023-07-012718_18) for the Israel Institute of Technology, the Comité de Ética de la Investigación de Santiago-Lugo (ID: 2022/34) for the Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, the Servizo Galego de Saúde – Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, and the Servizo Galego de Saúde - Fundación Pública Galega de Investigación Biomédica Galicia Sur. Written and verbal information will be provided and informed consent will be obtained from all participants.

: Not applicable.

: AA has received consulting fees from Neurocare (Germany), and from Elsevier, she is a paid advisor by Electromedical Products International, (USA), has non-financial support from Sooma, Member of the advisory board at PlatoScience. She is member of the advisory/safety boards in the projects: MeMoSLAP, DiSCoVeR and Boss-Stroke (Germany), BRAINN (Cyprus), GIFTeD (USA, Boston), She is the Vice President of the European Brain Stimulation Society and member at large at the Europa, Middle East, Africa Chapter of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. AH is partially employed by neuroConn GmbH. KS is a shareholder of neurocare group AG and works for neuroConn GmbH/neurocare group AG. The other authors have no competing interests to declare.