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Article History

Received: 15 May 2025

Accepted: 20 October 2025

First Online: 4 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The study protocol (2020-AHL-001) was approved by the Miami Cancer Institute institutional review board (IRB study number 1336222) in August 2023. Before study participation, written and informed consent for participation is obtained from all patients after risks and benefits have been explained.

: All authors provide consent for publication of this manuscript. The investigators will provide a model consent form and other study documents upon reasonable request.

: Zouina Sarfraz  – No COI Ahmad Ozair  – No COI Mainak Bardhan  – No COI Amy K. Starosciak Consulting: Viz.ai (2022) Dilanis C. Perche Consulting: AstraZeneca, Novocure, Zai LabHonoraria: AstraZeneca, Novocure, Zai LabTravel Support: Novocure Lydia C. Hodgson  – No COI Yazmin Odia Clinical Trial Support: Blue Earth Diagnostics, Cantex Pharmaceuticals, Chimerix, CNSPharmaceuticals, Exelixis, MimiVax, Merck, Novocure, VBI VaccinesConsulting: PharPoint ResearchAdvisory Board: Modifi BioDSMB: GammaTile Minesh P. Mehta Consulting/Honoraria: AIQ, Telix, Kazia, Novocure, Chimerix, MevionStock: Chimerix Rupesh R. Kotecha Grants/Contracts (Institution): Medtronic, Blue Earth Diagnostics, NovoCure, GT MedicalTechnologies, AstraZeneca, Exelixis, Viewray, Brainlab, Cantex Pharmaceuticals, Ion BeamApplications, Kazia TherapeuticsConsulting (Personal): Kazia Therapeutics, Elekta AB, Viewray, Castle Biosciences, NovoCure,Telix PharmaceuticalsHonoraria (Personal): Elekta AB, Accuray, NovoCure, Viewray, Elsevier, Brainlab, PeerviewInstitute, Ion Beam ApplicationsTravel Support (Personal): Elekta AB, NovoCure, Peerview Institute, Brainlab, Viewray, GTMedical TechnologiesAdvisory/DSMB (Personal): Viewray (Advisory Board), GT Medical (DSMB), Insightec, Plus Therapeutics Michael W. McDermott Consulting: ZAP, Diende, Light Helmet Arun Maharaj  – No COI Ana Cristina Sandoval Leon Advisory Board: AstraZeneca, Stemline, GileadGrant Funding: Gilead Reshma Mahtani Consultant/Advisor: Agendia, Arvinas, AstraZeneca, Bicycle Therapeutics, Daiichi, Genentech,Gilead, Hologic, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Puma, StemlineResearch Support (Institution): Gilead Manmeet S. Ahluwalia Grants: Pfizer.Consulting: Bayer, Xoft, Nuvation Bio, Apollomics, Viewray, Varian Medical Systems, AnHeartTherapeutics, Theraguix, Menarini Ricerche, Sumitomo Pharma Oncology, Autem Therapeutics,GT Medical Technologies, Modifi Biosciences, Bugworks, Allovir, EquilliumBio, VBIVaccines, Servier Pharmaceuticals, Incyte, Recordati.Stock/Stock Options: Mimivax, MedInnovate Advisors LLC, Modifi Biosciences, Trisalus Lifesciences, LiveAI.