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Authors
Anttonen, Anu
Carpén, Timo
Nåhls, Nelli-Sofia
Kitti, Pauliina
Miinalainen, Sofia
Leskelä, Riikka-Leena
Akrén, Outi
Saarto, Tiina
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Helsinki
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Article History
Received: 11 July 2025
Accepted: 23 October 2025
First Online: 18 November 2025
Declarations
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: The present study is a retrospective register study based on hospital registry data of deceased patients from years 2017–2018. No human interventions were included in this registry-based, retrospective study of deceased patients. According to Finnish legislation, no ethical approval is needed in retrospective registry studies (Act on the Secondary Use of Social and Health Information 522/2019). Authorities of Helsinki University Hospital have approved the study protocol (HUS/325/2023) and waived the need for ethical approval and for informed consents based on the legislation of retrospective register-based studies (522/2019). We confirm that all methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
