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Authors
Fletcher, Emily V.
Shard, Chloe
Boyle, Yasmin
Milligan, Carol J.
Cross, Ryan S.N.
Jones, Anya C.
Francis, Abbie
Dewdney, Brittany
Barker, Matthew
Rezaeiravesh, Sara
Ng, Zi Ying
Yeow, Yen
Kuznetsova, Irina
Jones, Matthew E.
Ormsby, Rebecca J.
Poonnoose, Santosh I.
Patil, Ashwini
Valvi, Santosh
Jenkins, Misty R.
Forrest, Alistair R. R.
Petrou, Steven
Gomez, Guillermo A.
Johns, Terrance G.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Kids Research Institute Australia Ascend fellowship
Western Australian Future Health Research and Innovation Fund
Children's Leukaemia & Cancer Research Foundation, Western Australia
Cancer Research Trust, Cancer Council of Western Australia
Neurosurgical Research Foundation
Neurosurgical Research Foundation Chris Adams award
NHMRC Ideas grant (2021/GNT2013180)
NHMRC Ideas grant (2021/GNT2013180)
NHMRC Ideas grant (2021/GNT2013180)
Cure Brain Cancer Foundation
Perth Children's Hospital Foundation
WA Child Research Fund - Department of Health
NHMRC Investigator Grant
McCleary Murchland Fellowship
Cancer Council S.A. Beat Cancer Project
Charlie Teo Foundation
MAWA Trust
Tour de Cure Grants
The Cure Starts Now
Robert Connor Dawes Foundation
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Article History
Received: 7 May 2025
Accepted: 10 November 2025
First Online: 2 December 2025
Declarations
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: Studies were approved by (i) the Royal Adelaide Hospital (RAH) and Southern Adelaide Clinical (SAC) Human Research Ethics Committees (HREC/17/RAH/358, HREC/18/SAC/16 and (HREC/17/RAH/372), (ii) the University of South Australia Human Research Ethics Committee (App ID 202306) and (iii) the Government of Western Australia Child and Adolescent Health Human Research Ethics Committee (projects numbers: RGS0000005103, RGS0000005298). Informed consent to participate was obtained from all of the participants in the study. Glioblastoma patient samples used for spatial transcriptomics were obtained from the South Australia Neurological Tumour Bank, Australia (SANTB). Fresh-frozen glioblastoma and DMG tumor samples used for immunohistochemistry analysis were obtained from Australian biobanks the Sydney Brain Tumour Bank and Queensland Children’s Tumour Bank respectively. Samples used for the cell surface proteomics analysis were ethically consented primary glioblastoma tumors acquired immediately after surgical resection from the Royal Melbourne Hospital Central Nervous System Tissue Bank, Human Research Ethics Committee #2020.214, and as approved by WEHI Human Research Ethics (#21/21). The ethically consented primary DMG samples were obtained from two patients via the Children’s Cancer Centre Biobank, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, as approved by WEHI Human Research Ethics (#21/21). This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.
: N/A.
: S.P. an equity holder of RogCon, Inc. and an employee and equity holder of Praxis Precision Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA. A.P. is the founder and CEO of Combinatics. The rest of the authors declare no conflict of interest.
