Liao, Ruomin
Zhang, Yi
Li, Gang
Article History
Received: 9 October 2025
Accepted: 3 December 2025
First Online: 10 December 2025
Declarations
:
: This retrospective study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Helsinki Declarationand its later amendments. The Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Shanghai People’s Hospital reviewed the protocol and waived the requirement for formal informed consent due to the use of fully anonymized and de-identified patient data. Data confidentiality was strictly maintained throughout the study to protect patient privacy.
: Not Applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.