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Authors
Ai, Jiangshan
Li, Hengyan
Wang, Man
Zhao, Lianzheng
Wang, Yuanyong
Ai, Shiwen
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Article History
Received: 5 October 2024
Accepted: 4 December 2025
First Online: 9 December 2025
Declarations
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: The study was approved by the ethical institutional review board of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University on March 12, 2023 (No. QYFY WZLL 27519). Given that this was a retrospective analysis of existing, de-identified clinical data, which posed minimal risk to participants, the institutional review board granted a waiver of informed consent.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
