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Authors
Harrison, Tabitha A.
Zaidi, Syed H.
Yin, Hang
Steinfelder, Robert S.
Qu, Conghui
Aglago, Elom K.
Berndt, Sonja I.
Boardman, Lisa A.
Brenner, Hermann
Buchanan, Daniel D.
Campbell, Peter T.
Cao, Yin
Chan, Andrew T.
Chanock, Stephen J.
Doheny, Kimberly F.
Drew, David A.
Figueiredo, Jane C.
French, Amy J.
Gallinger, Steven
Georgeson, Peter
Giannakis, Marios
Goode, Ellen L.
Gruber, Stephen B.
Gsur, Andrea
Gunter, Marc J.
Harlid, Sophia
Hoffmeister, Michael
Huang, Wen-Yi
Hullar, Meredith AJ.
Huyghe, Jeroen R.
Jenkins, Mark A.
Lin, Yi
Moreno, Victor
Murphy, Neil
Newcomb, Polly A.
Newton, Christina C.
Nowak, Jonathan A.
Obón-Santacana, Mireia
Ogino, Shuji
Shelford, Tameka
Song, Mingyang
Thomas, Claire E.
Toland, Amanda E.
Ugai, Tomotaka
Um, Caroline Y.
Van Guelpen, Bethany
Trinh, Quang M.
Sun, Wei
Hudson, Thomas J.
Hsu, Li
Peters, Ulrike
Phipps, Amanda I.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (U01 CA137088, R01 CA059045, U01 CA164930, R01 CA248857)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (U01 CA137088, R01 CA059045, U01 CA164930, R01 CA248857)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (U01 CA137088, R01 CA059045, U01 CA164930, R01 CA248857)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (U01 CA137088, R01 CA059045, U01 CA164930, R01 CA248857)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (U01 CA137088, R01 CA059045, U01 CA164930, R01 CA248857)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (U01 CA137088, R01 CA059045, U01 CA164930, R01 CA248857)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (U01 CA137088, R01 CA059045, U01 CA164930, R01 CA248857)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (U01 CA137088, R01 CA059045, U01 CA164930, R01 CA248857)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (P01 CA055075, UM1 CA167552, U01 CA167552, R01 CA137178, R01 CA151993, R35 CA197735)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (P01 CA055075, UM1 CA167552, U01 CA167552, R01 CA137178, R01 CA151993, R35 CA197735)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (U01 CA137088, R01 CA059045, U01 CA164930, R01 CA248857)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (U01 CA137088, R01 CA059045, U01 CA164930, R01 CA248857)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (U01 CA167551)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (U01 CA137088, R01 CA059045, U01 CA164930, R01 CA248857)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (R01 CA068535)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (U19 CA148107)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (U01 CA137088, R01 CA059045, U01 CA164930, R01 CA248857)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (U01 CA137088, R01 CA059045, U01 CA164930, R01 CA248857)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (Z01 CP 010200, U01 HG004446, U01 HG 004438)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (U01 CA137088, R01 CA059045, U01 CA164930, R01 CA248857)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (U01 CA137088, R01 CA059045, U01 CA164930, R01 CA248857)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (U01 CA167551)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (U01 CA137088, R01 CA059045, U01 CA164930, R01 CA248857)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (U01 CA167551)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (U01 CA137088, R01 CA059045, U01 CA164930, R01 CA248857)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (P01 CA055075, UM1 CA167552, U01 CA167552, R01 CA137178, R01 CA151993, R35 CA197735)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (U01 CA137088, R01 CA059045, U01 CA164930, R01 CA248857)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (R01 CA215151)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (U01 CA137088, R01 CA059045, U01 CA164930, R01 CA248857)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (U01 CA137088, R01 CA059045, U01 CA164930, R01 CA248857)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (U01/U24 CA074783)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (U01 CA137088, R01 CA059045, U01 CA164930, R01 CA248857)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (U01 CA137088, R01 CA059045, U01 CA164930, R01 CA248857)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (U01 CA137088, R01 CA059045, U01 CA164930, R01 CA248857)
Imperial College London
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (BR 1704/6-1, BR 1704/6-3, BR 1704/6-4, CH 117/1-1, HO 5117/2-1, HE 5998/2-1, KL 2354/3-1, RO 2270/8-1, BR 1704/17-1)
German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (01KH0404, 01ER0814, 01ER0815, 01ER1505A, 01ER1505B, 01KD2104A)
The Interdisciplinary Research Program of the National Center for Tumor Diseases
VicHealth and Cancer Council Victoria
National Health and Medical Research Council (509348, 209057, 251553, 504711)
National Health and Medical Research Council (509348, 209057, 251553, 504711)
Cancer Council Victoria
Victorian Cancer Registry
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Australian Government
National Death Index and the Australian Cancer Database
American Cancer Society
Center for Inherited Disease Research (HHSN268201700006I)
Center for Inherited Disease Research (HHSN268201700006I)
Maryann and Daniel Fong
Austrian Research Funding Agency (BRIDGE 829675)
Herzfelder’sche Familienstiftung
COST Action (BM1206)
Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer
NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre
Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum
Instituto de Salud Carlos III
Federación Española de Enfermedades Raras (PI14-613)
Federación Española de Enfermedades Raras (PI14-613)
Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (2017SGR723)
Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (2017SGR723)
Junta de Castilla y León (LE22A10-2)
Junta de Castilla y León (LE22A10-2)
Fundación Científica Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer (GCTRA18022MORE)
Fundación Científica Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer (GCTRA18022MORE)
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (Genrisk)
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (Genrisk)
Xarxa de Bancs de Tumors de Catalunya
Institut Catala d'Oncologia (PT13/0010/0013 and ICOBIOBANC)
Institut Catala d'Oncologia (PT13/0010/0013 and ICOBIOBANC)
Centres de Recerca de Catalunya
Cancerfonden
Swedish Research Council and Region Skåne and Region Västerbotten
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Article History
Received: 17 July 2025
Accepted: 5 December 2025
First Online: 18 December 2025
Declarations
:
: All participants provided written informed consent, and each contributing study was approved by the relevant local research ethics committee or institutional review board. The overall consortium study was approved by the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center Institutional Review Board (file #3995), which adheres to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: Andrew T. Chan received funding from Pfizer Inc. and Boehringer Ingelheim for work unrelated to this manuscript. Marios Giannakis received research funding from Janssen and advisory/consulting funding from AstraZeneca, Chromacode, Nerviano Medical Sciences. Stephen B. Gruber was a co-founder with equity for Brogent International LLC, unrelated to this manuscript. Jonathan A. Nowak received research support from Natera and Leica Biosystems. Ulrike Peters was a consultant with AbbVie and her family is holding individual stocks for the following companies: Amazon, Boeing Company, BioNTech, BYD Company Limited, Crowdstrike Holdings Inc, CureVac, Google/Alphabet, Microsoft Corp, MicroStrategy Inc, NVIDIA Corp, Stellantis. The remaining authors have no conflicts to disclose.
