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Authors
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the National R&D Program for Cancer Control through the National Cancer Center (NCC) funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea
the National Research Foundation of Korea grant funded by the Korea government Ministry of Science and ICT
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Article History
Received: 4 October 2025
Accepted: 23 December 2025
First Online: 29 December 2025
Declarations
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: The Institutional Review Board of the Chung-Ang University approved this study (IRB No. 1041078–20230201-HR-030 and 1041078–20250409-HR-115). As anonymized administrative data were used, the requirement of informed consent was waived. All datasets were stored on the servers of the Korean National Health Insurance Service and were fully anonymized prior to being accessed by the researchers. All procedures involved in this study adhered to the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional committees on human experimentation, as well as the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
