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Authors
Liu, Cheng-Yin
Lin, Li-Fan
Tsai, Chen-Liang
Huang, Tsai-Wang
Wu, Yu-Cheng
Liu, Chia-Hsin
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science and Technology Council
Tri-Service General Hospital
Medical Affairs Bureau, Ministry of National Defense, Taiwan
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Article History
Received: 28 October 2025
Accepted: 29 December 2025
First Online: 13 January 2026
Declarations
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: This retrospective study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013) and was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical University (TSGHIRB No.: A202505182). The requirement for written informed consent to participate was waived by the Institutional Review Board because of the retrospective study design and the use of anonymized data.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
