Document is current
Any future updates will be listed below
-
Authors
Liu, Peng-Tzu
Chiang, Chun-Ju
Yang, Ya-Wen
Lee, Wen-Chung
Hsu, Wan-Lun
Chen, Tzu-I
Lee, Hui-Ling
Wang, Cheng-Ping
Liao, Li-Jen
Wang, Chia-Chuan
Wang, Vinchi
Chen, Yong-Chen
-
Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Health Promotion Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare (A1121004)
Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD) company
- License Information
-
More Information
Article History
Received: 1 September 2025
Accepted: 30 December 2025
First Online: 5 January 2026
Declarations
:
: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Fu Jen Catholic University (No. C112033). All patient data were fully anonymized before access, and the requirement for informed consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board.
: Not applicable.
: The authors have competing interests as defined by BMC, or other interests that might be perceived to influence the results and/or discussion reported in this paper. Funding statement: This study was funded by the Health Promotion Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, grant no. A1121004: Tobacco Health and Welfare Taxation and Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD) company. The content of this research may not represent the opinion of the Health Promotion Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare and MSD company. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, the decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
