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Article History

Received: 10 October 2025

Accepted: 5 January 2026

First Online: 10 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The (non-interventional) study was conducted using anonymized data only. The researchers working on the analysis do not have access to any identifiable data. The datasets were assembled and anonymized on the basis of patient consent and in line with relevant exceptions under applicable national and European regulations (Art. 9 para. 2 (j) GDPR, Art. 27 German Federal Data Protection Act and Art. 6 German Health Data Use Act).Therefore no ethics approval is required according to Art. 15 of the German Professional Code for Physicians and Article 23 of the Declaration of Helsinki. Consent and ethics approval requirement under clinical trial regulation in conjunction with Art. 40, 41 German Medicines Act (Arzneimittelgesetz), Art. 62 Medical Device Regulation in conjunction with Art. 31, 31a Medical-Devices Implementation Act (Medizinprodukterecht- Durchführungsgesetz) and Art. 34 para. 2 No. 2 Radiation Protection Act (Strahlenschutz- Gesetz) are also not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: All authors report current employment with Flatiron Health, Inc., Flatiron Health UK, or Flatiron Health Germany—independent members of the Roche group. BA, SBW, EH, SS, QZ, LK, RS, AS, and CB report stock ownership in Roche.